Vienna made a startling discovery last October during the renovation of a soccer field. Construction workers unearthed a mass grave containing intertwined skeletal remains dating back to the 1st-century Roman Empire. These remains are believed to be the bodies of warriors involved in a battle with Germanic tribes.
After thorough archaeological analysis, experts at the Vienna Museum revealed the findings to the public. The grave is connected to what is described as “a catastrophic event in a military context,” representing the earliest known evidence of conflict in that area.
The excavation site in the Vienna neighborhood of Simmering has yielded the remains of 129 individuals so far. Additionally, many bones were found in disarray, leading researchers to estimate that the total number of victims could exceed 150. This discovery is unprecedented in Central Europe, shedding light on ancient conflicts in the region.
“Within the context of Roman acts of war, there are no comparable finds of fighters,” said Michaela Binder, who led the archaeological dig. “There are huge battlefields in Germany where weapons were found. But finding the dead, that is unique for the entire Roman history.”
Soldiers in the Roman Empire were typically cremated until the 3rd century.
The pit where the bodies were deposited suggests a hasty or disorganized dumping of corpses. Every skeleton examined showed signs of injury – to the head, torso and pelvis in particular.
“They have various different battle wounds, which rules out execution. It is truly a battlefield,” said Kristina Adler-Wölfl, head of Vienna city archaeological department. “There are wounds from swords, lances; wounds from blunt trauma.”
The victims were all male. Most were aged 20 to 30 years old and generally showed signs of good dental health.
Carbon-14 analysis helped date the bones to between 80 and 130 A.D. That was cross-checked against known history of relics found in the grave – armor, helmet cheek protectors, the nails used in distinctive Roman military shoes known as caligae.
The most indicative clue came from a rusty dagger of a type in use specifically between the middle of the 1st century and the start of the second.
The research continues: Only one victim has been confirmed as a Roman warrior. Archaeologists hope DNA and strontium isotope analysis will help further identify the fighters, and whose side they were on.
“The most likely theory at the moment is that this is connected to the Danube campaigns of Emperor Domitian – that’s 86 to 96 A.D.,” Adler-Wölfl said.
City archaeologists said the discovery also reveals the early signs of the founding of a settlement that would become the Austrian capital of today.
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Associated Press writer Jamey Keaten in Geneva contributed.
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