During the recent events in Jenin, Haleemeh Zawaydeh had to act fast when Israeli snipers showed up in her neighborhood. Without delay, the 63-year-old led her family of 14 members to flee on foot, leaving behind all their belongings due to the sound of gunfire echoing around them.
The incursion in Jenin happened swiftly, unlike previous Israeli attacks, according to Zawaydeh. Now, along with approximately 37,000 other Palestinians who have been displaced by a recent month-long military operation against militant groups in the West Bank, she and her family eagerly anticipate the chance to return to their beloved home.
The future remains uncertain for Zawaydeh and her family as they wait to go back, unsure if they will be allowed to do so by Israel. The ongoing assault has resulted in the evacuation of nearly all residents from four refugee camps, initially established to shelter Palestinians displaced during the 1948 conflict surrounding Israel’s establishment, which over the years have evolved into densely populated urban areas.
Across the four camps, troops have ripped up roads and destroyed buildings, infrastructure, and water and electricity lines. The Israeli defense minister said Monday that troops were preparing to stay for a year and would prevent Palestinians from returning.
That leaves thousands who hail from among the poorest areas of the West Bank in dire straits as many are forced to rent temporary housing in neighboring villages. OCHA, the U.N.’s humanitarian agency, said there is an “urgent need for cash assistance” for 4,000 families to meet rent needs.
Zawaydeh said she was safe now at her shelter outside Jenin, but not at ease.
“I was born and raised in the camp, and now I have grown up and I still live in the camp,” she said. “There is no place that can replace the camp.”
The displacement is the biggest since the 1967 war
Many Palestinians displaced from their West Bank homes are renting temporary housing or relying on friends or family to take them in. Some are staying in university dorms, others in makeshift shelters. Help is limited: The Palestinian Authority is strapped for cash, and the main U.N. agency for Palestinian refugees, known by the acronym UNRWA, has been handicapped by Israeli legislation.
“The West Bank has never seen large-scale forced displacement of the level we’re seeing now” since 1967, said Roland Friedrich, the West Bank field director for UNRWA. During the 1967 Mideast War, some 250,000 Palestinians were forced from the West Bank when Israel seized the territory along with east Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.
After announcing a widespread crackdown against West Bank militants on Jan. 21 — just two days after it began a ceasefire with Hamas in Gaza — Israeli forces descended on Jenin camp, as they have dozens of times since Hamas’ Oct. 7, 2023, attack on Israel. But unlike past operations, Israeli forces also pushed deeper and more forcefully into several other nearby camps known as bastions of militant groups, including Tulkarem, Far’a and Nur Shams.
Israel’s military says it has engaged in fierce battles with Palestinian militants inside the camps, which are now mainly emptied of their civilian populations.
The dispersals are stirring bitter memories of the 1948 war over Israel’s creation, when some 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their homes in what’s now Israel. Forcible population transfers are banned under international law, and, if implemented as a policy, could be a war crime, rights groups say.
The emptying of the West Bank camps comes as Israel’s government and military have embraced U.S. President Donald Trump’s call for pushing out the population of the Gaza Strip permanently.
Troops have demolished homes in the camps
In Nur Shams, a smaller refugee camp with a population of roughly 13,700, a number of displaced people returned Wednesday to clear what possessions they could from their homes after learning the Israeli military had slated them for demolition. Palestinians said the military puts out maps of intended demolitions in the camps. Asked the reasons for the demolitions, the military said it could not discuss operational plans.
Mohammed Abdullah took advantage of the brief access to visit the grave of his son, Ali, who he said was killed by Israeli troops during a previous incursion into the camp. He hadn’t been able to visit since being forced out two weeks ago.
Abdullah then packed up his family’s things from his home. No one can take everything, he said. “Every person has memories in his home, in his neighborhood, in the streets.”
The damage to the camps has been extensive. In Jenin camp, troops have demolished over 100 homes, Friedrich said. In Tulkarem camp, they have destroyed about 100 housing units and at least 300 commercial shops and set fire to at least 10 homes, according to the local Awda community center.
Families have scattered among shelters
At a charity for helping the blind in Jenin, converted into a shelter for those driven from the camp, barefoot children swung from monkey bars while their parents smoked cigarettes and looked on.
Some 85 people from 23 families have taken up at the shelter. Rooms have been turned into separate dorms for men and women and children. Some have beds, others have mats on the floor. The charity relies on donations to feed its new residents.
Facing mounting financial pressure and worried for their homes, many families have tried to return to the camps only to be blocked by the military.
“Every day, we try to go back to the camp, hoping to enter, but they prevent us,” said Nazmi Turkman, 53, who fled Jenin camp a month ago. “They’ve set up checkpoints, placed tanks, and stationed soldiers. Even drones are flying around the people.”
“God willing, we will return soon,” he said. But he said he has no idea if his home still stands.
There are few resources to help the displaced
The Palestinian Authority, the body charged with administering affairs in pockets of the West Bank where the camps lie, has denounced the wave of displacement. It says it has dispatched over 16 trucks of aid and sent funds to first responders.
But its ability to help is limited. It has been left cash-strapped by the war, with Israel for months holding up tax revenues it needs to pay its workers. It is also largely detested across the territory, especially in the refugee camps, where it is seen as a tool of Israeli authorities.
“What is happening in the West Bank is a continuation of what the Israeli authorities did in the Gaza Strip,” said Nabil Abu Redeineh, spokesperson for Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. “What is happening will only lead to escalation, the repercussions of which will be felt throughout the region.”
UNRWA, too, is hampered. In the past, it could coordinate evacuations with the Israeli military. But new Israeli laws ban any interaction between Israeli authorities and the agency, making it difficult to evacuate people or ascertain when they will be allowed back, Friedrich said.
On Tuesday, a small group of displaced men gathered outside Tulkarem camp, holding signs reading “The right of return is sacred – No to displacement.”
Nihad al-Shaweesh, head of a local political council for Nur Shams camp, said they were there to “tell the whole world and all parties that we will not accept displacement.”
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