LUCERNE, Switzerland — Would you trust an “AI Jesus” with your innermost thoughts and troubles?
On Wednesday, researchers and religious leaders presented the results of a two-month art experiment conducted in a Catholic chapel in Switzerland. During the experiment, an avatar of “Jesus” displayed on a computer screen within a confessional interacted with visitors, engaging in discussions about faith, morality, and contemporary issues, and providing responses rooted in Scripture.
According to the theological assistant of the chapel, the objective was to acknowledge the increasing relevance of artificial intelligence in society, including within religious contexts, and to examine the boundaries of human reliance on technology.
Following the conclusion of the “Deus in Machina” exhibit at Peter’s Chapel, which ran for two months starting in late August, approximately 900 conversations with visitors – some of whom visited multiple times – were transcribed anonymously. The organizers of the project reported overall positive outcomes, noting that visitors often emerged from the experience with a sense of emotional impact or deep contemplation, and found the interaction with the avatar to be user-friendly.
A small sign invited visitors to enter a confessional — chosen for its intimacy — and below a lattice screen across which penitent believers would usually speak with a priest, a green light signaled the visitor’s turn to speak, and a red one came on when “AI Jesus” on a computer screen on the other side was responding.
Often, a lag time was needed to wait for the response – a testament to the technical complexities. After exiting, nearly 300 visitors filled out questionnaires that informed the report released Wednesday.
Of love, war, suffering and solitude
Philipp Haslbauer, an IT specialist at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts who pulled together the technical side of the project, said the AI responsible for taking the role of “AI Jesus” and generating responses was GPT-4o by OpenAI, and an open-source version of the company’s Whisper was used for speech comprehension.
An AI video generator from Heygen was used to produce voice and video from a real person, he said. Haslbauer said no specific safeguards were used “because we observed GPT-4o to respond fairly well to controversial topics.”
Visitors broached many topics, including true love, the afterlife, feelings of solitude, war and suffering in the world, the existence of God, plus issues like sexual abuse cases in the Catholic Church or its position on homosexuality.
Most visitors described themselves as Christians, though agnostics, atheists, Muslims, Buddhists and Taoists took part too, according to a recap of the project released by the Catholic parish of Lucerne.
About one-third were German speakers, but “AI Jesus” – which is conversant in about 100 languages – also had conversations in languages like Chinese, English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Russian and Spanish.
‘Work of the Devil’?
“What was really interesting (was) to see that the people really talked with him in a serious way. They didn’t come to make jokes,” said chapel theologian Marco Schmid, who spearheaded the project. Most visitors were aged 40 to 70, and more Catholics respondents found the experience stimulating than did Protestants, the report showed.
Schmid was quick to point out that the “AI Jesus” – billed as a “Jesus-like” persona – was an artistic experiment to get people thinking about the intersection between the digital and the divine, not substitute for human interaction or sacramental confessions with a priest, nor was it intended to save pastoral resources.
“For the people it was clear that it was a computer … It was clear it was not a confession,” Schmid said. “He wasn’t programmed to give absolutions or prayers. At the end, it was more summary of the conversation.”
The Catholic Church from the Vatican on down has been wrestling with the challenges — and possible opportunities — presented by the explosion in public interest in AI since generative artificial intelligence captured the world’s attention two years ago when OpenAI’s ChatGPT made its debut.
The Vatican has appointed a friar from a medieval Franciscan order as its top expert on AI, and a Lutheran church in Bavaria served up sermons delivered by a chatbot last year. Pope Francis, in his annual peace message for this year, pushed for an international treaty to ensure the ethical use of AI technology.
Chatbots like ChatGPT are powered by algorithmic models trained on vast pools of text and other data to mimic speech and generate seemingly unique and human-like responses.
Haslbauer is sensitive to public reaction and has noted chatter on social media saying the project is “blasphemous” or the “work of the devil.”
“If you read comments on the internet about it, some are very negative – which is scary,” Haslbauer, whose long-haired look featured as a basis for the image of the virtual Jesus.
In a demonstration of the technology in the chapel, Haslbauer queried “AI Jesus” about its message for a troubled world, and about whether AI could be helpful as a way for people to find God.
“All knowledge and wisdom ultimately come from God,” the chatbot said in a soothing voice, after a pause to respond, and the image briefly crackled. “If used wisely, AI can indeed be a tool to explore the wonders of creation, deepen our understanding of Scripture, and foster connections among people.”
“Yet it remains essential to seek God with all your heart and soul beyond any technology,” it added.
A good side, and downsides
Kenneth Cukier, a journalist, author and expert with the U.S.-based nonprofit group called “AI and Faith,” said if “AI Jesus” helps people connect deeper to themselves and the world, it “has to be a good thing.”
“It will lead to better individuals and a better world,” he said. “However – and there’s a big however – this does feel a little bit infantile, and pardon my pun, machine-like.”
“The risk is that it pulls people, ultimately, farther away from that which is more meaningful, deeper and authentic in spirituality,” said Cukier, co-author of “Big Data: A Revolution that Will Transform How We Work, Live and Think.”
For Schmid, the exhibit was a pilot project – and he doesn’t foresee a second coming of “AI Jesus” anytime soon.
“For us, it was also clear it was just a limited time that we will expose this Jesus,” he said, adding that any return would need to be done after deeper thought.
“We are discussing … how we could revive him again,” he said, noting interest from parishes, schoolteachers, researchers and others as the project got media attention in Switzerland and beyond. “They all are interested and would like to have this ‘AI Jesus’. So we have now a little bit to reflect on how we want to continue.”
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